La serie bibliográfica Laboratorio de Innovación Urbana para la Convivencia y la Gobernanza de la Seguridad se suma a este debate mediante la participación, la educación, la cultura y el ocio, haciendo de ellos recursos vitales para la prevención; considerando las diferencias de género y cómo estas hacen que los conflictos en las ciudades tengan una dimensión diferente en las mujeres y en los hombres, en la población joven o adulta; proponiendo una forma distinta de urbanismo que promueve ciudades para la gente a través de la convivencia y el fortalecimiento de la cohesión social como fuerza motora de una dinámica urbana que privilegia el respeto a la diversidad, que reduce las desigualdades y promueve el desarrollo humano de las mujeres y los hombres de toda América Latina y el Caribe.

Excluded from the city's opportunities, physically, politically and economically marginalized, slum dwellers are particularly vulnerable to crime and violence. They face an acute risk of becoming victims or offenders and live in a state of constant insecurity. Only a few cities have incorporated a coherent component to prevent crime and mitigate violence in their urban development agendas.

Impact on urban safety has occurred somewhat unexpectedly. That is the main lesson to be drawn from the pages of this book: urban policy integration.

Enhancing Urban Safety and Security addresses three major threats to the safety and security of cities: crime and violence; insecurity of tenure and forced evictions; and natural and human-made disasters. It analyses worldwide trends with respect to each of these threats, paying particular attention to their underlying causes and impacts, as well as to the good policies and best practices that have been adopted at the city, national and international levels in order to address these threats.

The report adopts a human security perspective, concerned with the safety and security of people rather than of states, and highlights issues that can be addressed through appropriate urban policy, planning, design and governance.

This paper summarizes the outcome of an international conference on addressing the issue of urban youth in conflict with the law in Africa. It discusses the most effective responses to youth crime and violence which centre on prevention and inclusion (especially of youth in government) rather than exclusion, punishment and incarceration.

It also highlights the key role for local governments in developing effective local responses that draw in and support all key local actors (parents, schools, police, businesses).

This publication, which focuses on crime and violence, is the first of three volumes of the Abridged Edition of the Global Report 2007.

The main purpose of this volume is to present, in summary form, the main findings of the Global Report 2007 on crime and violence and, on the basis of this, to suggest policy directions for reducing crime and violence within urban settlements.

This publication, which focuses on security of tenure and forced evictions, is the second of three volumes of the Abridged Edition of the Global Report 2007.

The main purpose of this volume is to present, in summary form, the main findings of the Global Report 2007 on security of tenure and, on the basis of this, to suggest policy directions for enhancing security of tenure and reducing forced evictions within urban settlements.

This publication, which focuses on natural and human-made disasters, is the third of three volumes of the Abridged Edition of the Global Report 2007.

The main purpose of this volume is to present, in summary form, the main findings of the Global Report 2007 on natural and human-made disasters and, on the basis of this, to suggest policy directions for mitigating the impacts of natural and human made-disasters on urban settlements.

In 2007 Tanzania committed to the development of a national strategy on urban crime prevention. The National Strategy on Urban Crime Prevention in Tanzania is the culmination of 10 years of work on safety in Tanzania. Through this strategy the Government of Tanzania is concretely responding to the concerns expressed by its people, especially in urban areas, to the negative effects of crime and violence. People living in urban areas in Tanzania are more concerned with the issue of crime and violence than those living in rural areas.

Half the population living in urban centres in Tanzania feel that crime and violence has increased over the past three years, compared to only 28% in rural areas. There is an increasing proliferation of drugs, alcohol and small arms in urban centres. Persistent unemployment, ethnic, racial and religious conflicts, domestic violence, violence against women and abuse and neglect of children continue to threaten certain communities and maintain a culture of violence. Theft of personal property and home burglaries are the most common crimes overall. Less than half the crimes that were surveyed were reported to the police.

One of the most common reasons for not reporting to the police was that they were unavailable or inaccessible. Many victims also stated that the crime was not important enough to warrant reporting to the authorities. Nearly two-thirds of the victims reported the crime to a structure other than the police: mostly traditional authorities, local ward councilors and the sungusungu. These phenomenons have led over 70% of the population to change their behaviour due to feelings of insecurity.

To better understand crime and public perceptions of safety in Tanzania, victimisation surveys were carried out in Arusha, Dar es Salaam and Mtwara. A fundamental requirement for the prevention and control of crime is the availability of reliable data. To this end the Arusha Municipal Council, the Dar es Salaam City Council (Safer Cities) and the Mtwara Spatial Development Initiative located within the National Development Corporation, in partnership with the Mtwara-Mikandani Town and Mtwara Rural Councils, requested that such a study to be undertaken in each of their constituencies.

The surveys consisted of 1,150 interviews in Arusha and 1,100 each in Dar es Salaam and Mtwara. The demographic component of the survey gathered information on 13,373 persons living in 3,256 households across the three areas. The average household size was 4,2 people in Arusha and 4,1 in both Mtwara and Dar es Salaam—figures that compare favourably with the 2002 Census. Over three quarters of all household members over the age of 19 were not engaged in any income earning activities. Indeed, only 11% enjoyed intermittent earnings and a miniscule 5% had a regular income from formal sector employment.

In March 2000, two studies were conducted into crime and violence in Dar es Salaam – a victim survey and a series of in-depth interviews on violence against women. The studies were initiated by the Safer Cities project in Dar es Salaam and UN Habitat in Nairobi to gain an understanding of crime levels in communities within the city council’s area of jurisdiction to assist in the development of a crime reduction strategy for the city.

Based on methodologies similar to those used in South African cities for gathering crime information and supplementing police statistics, the study consisted of a household victim survey of 1 000 interviews and 42 in-depth interviews with women who had experienced violence and abuse. The questionnaires, refined through the experiences and results of surveys conducted in South Africa, were adapted to the Dar es Salaam environment.