Overview

Regardless of the source, energy is a major factor for development. It is needed for transport, industrial and commercial activities, buildings and infrastructure, water distribution, and food production. Most of these activities take place in or around cities, which are on average responsible for more than 75 per cent of a country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and therefore the main engines of global economic growth. To run their activities, cities require an uninterrupted supply of energy. They consume about 75 per cent of global primary energy and emit between 50 and 60 per cent of the world’s total greenhouse gases.

This figure rises to approximately 80 per cent when the indirect emissions generated by urban inhabitants are included. Buildings also consume vast amounts of energy at all stages of their existence. Energy is needed for the raw materials, construction process, and maintenance and daily operational needs such as lighting, air conditioning, and cleaning. In addition, urban sprawl, increasing distances between destinations, and inefficient public transport systems prompt overall reliance on private motorized transport, such as cars, which have a high energy consumption, mostly of petroleum products.

In 2012, global energy supply consisted of 81.3% fossil fuels (oil, coal and gas), 9.7% nuclear power, and only 9% renewable energy sources (such as hydro, wind, biomass and solar). Unfortunately, this widespread use of fossil fuels causes a number of challenges. Carbon-based energy generation has a large ecological footprint, not only due to rising greenhouse gas emissions and pollution caused by burning fuels, but also because of extraction techniques that contaminate the environment, and frequent production or delivery accidents.

Furthermore, because of the current mono-dependency on fossil fuels, supply drops or price hikes can easily disrupt economies. Fossil fuels are also all too often a source of regional conflicts and are misused as a means of political pressure. Besides, fossil fuel resources are not infinite, and their depletion is a near reality.

The Challenge

Urban areas require an uninterrupted supply of energy, consuming 75% of global primary energy. While minimizing the ecological footprint of cities, energy distribution needs to become sustainable, more inclusive and fair to foster universal development.

Increasing population growth, rapid urbanization and expanding economic development are putting pressure on limited energy which annual demand growth is around 7 % in developing countries, while the supply remains stable. Hence a mismatch between the supply and demand and frequent power rationing in cities.

Strategies for improving the urban energy situation

A sustainable urban energy system will need low carbon technologies on the supply side, and efficient distribution infrastructure as well as lowered consumption on the end-user side. Cities therefore need to shift from the current unsustainable fossil fuel energy generation towards using renewable energy sources, not only because of looming resource depletion but also to curb the negative externalities such as pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time, energy consumption must be reduced by changing consumption patterns and adopting energy saving techniques. 

Lastly, because energy is paramount to revenue generation, its distribution needs to become more inclusive and fair to foster universal development, especially for the urban poor. Although renewable energy technologies (RET) such as wind, water, solar, and geothermal are becoming more accessible -- and already cover the energy demands of some neighbourhoods if not whole cities in certain areas -- intermittence of supply and high upfront costs are the main deterrents of a wider adoption. Nevertheless, benefits in the long run will outweigh the initial challenges, both from an environmental and economic perspective.

For instance, once a renewable energy generation system is in place, future running costs are usually very low due to an inexpensive and abundant supply of the energy source. Cities also need to assess their meteorological and geographical specificities in order to best transform the surrounding natural resources into power. To tackle intermittency, several renewable energy sources should be combined to overcome source-specific shortages, such as solar at night, or wind during doldrums. Solutions can also come from waste and heat recovery technologies that can be used to bridge supply gaps.

Smart grids – electric grids that harmonize supply and demand – provide another solution for the intermittent power supply by helping to balance variable power generation and end-user needs. These grids are also more efficient in transmission and distribution, thus reducing energy loss. Machine shifts can be automated to run during hours of the day when there is enough power to meet demand (for example, washing machines do not need to run at a specific time, so they can turn on automatically while the customer is asleep, or at work).

Lowering energy consumption

The major change, however, needs to come from the end-users – residents, businesses, industries –who must control their consumption. The less energy that is used, the less needs to be produced. Technology can also assist in optimizing energy use. Smart grids can be paired with smart appliances or even a whole smart home or building, which respond to varying electricity supply and prices. Households, offices, and factories can program smart metres to operate certain appliances when power supplies are plentiful. For example, a washing machine can be set up in such a way that it will only start operating when there is enough power in the grid or when the price is under a certain threshold. Buildings themselves have huge energy saving potential if they embrace green or low-energy building concepts and passive design principles.

Savings can be made by integrating efficient heating, cooling, insulation, lighting, and water distribution systems in new or rehabilitated buildings that will increase energy retention. Likewise, on site alternative energy sources such as solar panels on a roof can supplement power from the grid. The use of recycled, reused, or low energy building materials will also contribute to a better energy balance. To cut fossil fuel use for transportation needs, cities need to develop attractive public transport systems and must increase the share of non-motorized transport in developing specific infrastructure (such as cycling lanes and walkways), and optimize delivery of goods, (for instance by promoting the use of rail for cargo transport). Food production and water distribution are huge energy consumers.

Curbing food and water waste will therefore also contribute to lowering overall energy use. Besides reducing energy on the production and delivery side, cities also need to promote urban agriculture, such as rooftop farming (it is estimated that 30% of urban spaces could be covered). Consumption habits need to change, residents should be encouraged to use more local produce and to take on prosumption, the production of one’s own food. The same reasoning can be extended to consumption habits in general, with residents adopting more sustainable consumption habits and recycling concepts. Cities need to ensure that industries pool their resources in order to create synergy effects. This can be achieved by establishing eco-industrial parks, where waste and by-products of one industry serves as the raw material of another, thereby improving material and energy efficiency and decreasing environmental emissions. From an economic perspective, this would also make companies more competitive, as better waste management results in cost savings and a higher environmental and business performance.

Governments as regulators and drivers of change

Cities need to establish strong policies and standards to develop sustainable urban energy systems and to reduce the use of unsustainable technologies and practices. Governments must not only institute legislation to regulate energy use and consumption, but must also set up incentive measures that promote research, innovation, and, most importantly, the adoption of greener and more efficient technologies. Sound collaboration and mutual understanding between the private sector -- which runs most of the world’s energy systems -- and overseeing authorities is therefore paramount for short-term commercial interests not to overshadow long-term environmental concerns and sustainable development opportunities.

Governments should also pursue collaboration between local and international partners in order to enable local companies to strengthen their knowledge, expertise, and market reach. Governments of developing countries should consider private-public partnerships to develop their energy systems, as current costs cannot be carried by a country alone. For each city to be able to adapt to its own local particularities, authorities need to design decentralized energy systems and infrastructure, and also be permitted to have specific legislation and tax systems to either promote the use of sustainable energy, or to curb and dissuade the use of polluting, inefficient technologies and consumption habits.

UN-Habitat and urban energy

UN-Habitat assists national and local governments to develop sustainable energy and climate action plans and to implement programmes related to these topics. The programmes look into different energy resources and needs, and develops planning methodologies and strategies for their application. UN-Habitat has extensive experience in urban energy, and extracts lesson learned that can be adopted by other cities in planning for their sustainable energy and climate change mitigation and adaptation action plans. Vital intervention areas include the development of sustainable urban energy plans, strategies, policies, and legislation in order to enable a gradual transition to a low-carbon economy, with environmentally sound urban infrastructure and services.

Other outputs include the development of awareness and capacity-building tools on planning sustainable urban energy. For example, UN-Habitat, in conjunction with  the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the governments of Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, and Burundi initiated a project in 2011 to promote energy efficient buildings in East Africa. The project will directly influence at least 600,000 housing units, 100 large office buildings, as well as numerous hotels, and public institutions. In doing so, the project (calculated over a period of 20 years) will reduce carbon dioxide emissions by more than 7 million tons, due to a reduction in energy consumption.

This project focuses on three levels of intervention: regional (standardization and knowledge sharing  in the East African Community); national (amending building codes, regulations, and standards); and local (raising awareness, and providing training and support in implementing building standards and by-laws in towns and cities). The project takes an integrated approach, looking beyond just building codes and regulations.

News and Stories

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Highlighted Publications

Toolkits, Manuals and Guides
Energy and Resource Efficient Urban Neighbourhood Design Principles for Tropical Countries. Practitioner’s Guidebook
Toolkits, Manuals and Guides
Build Green. 100 Ways to Save Money and the Environment
Technical Report
Sustainable Urban Energy
Toolkits, Manuals and Guides
Sustainable Urban Energy Planning
Technical Report
Sustainable Building Design for Tropical Climates
Technical Report
Financing for Resilient and Green Urban Solutions in Accra and Tema, Ghana

Donors and partners

UN-Habitat works with other UN and development agencies under the UN-Energy umbrella alongside with UNIDO, UN-Environment, UNECE, WHO, FAO, SE4ALL, World Bank etc to promote energy access, energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies deployment.  UN-Habitat comparative advantage focusses on the promotion of sustainable energy use in cities. UN-Habitat lead the urban energy sector by providing advices, policy reforms and energy solution for sustainable urbanization.

UN-Habitat works with civil society organizations to reach out to the urban poor and address their energy concerns. We conduct joint training on affordable and clean energy system for lighting and cooking. UN-Habitat works with local government on complex energy and waste management issues. In fact we are assisting the Kajiado county in Kenya in developing their waste to energy plan where municipal waste is treated as a resource and converted into recyclable products and electricity for productive use.

Our collaboration with the Global Covenant of Mayor for Climate and Energy aims at helping municipalities to develop the energy and climate action plans. This help local government to better plan their development project and building their resilience. UN-Habitat collaborates with the academia fraternity to conduct research on urban energy and to develop tools, guidebooks and other training materials to promote the energy transition and sustainable building and urbanization.

Our Experts

Vincent Kitio
Lead Urban Energy Solutions, Urban Basic Services Section
Urban Practices Branch, Global Solutions Division